The Fall of Man, York Mystery Cycle (Play 5) - Literature Essay Samples

S1151541/B020117 3rd April 2014  © Visalini S. Do not re-print without express permission from the author. The Fall of Man York Mystery Cycle (Play 5) Medieval Theatre Conventions Language and Staging The Fall of Man was traditionally performed as part of a larger series of plays known as The York Mystery Cycle. The Mystery Plays were a great medieval tradition and they were primarily used to bring religious messages to the commonfolk of York in the form of a religious festival. These plays were written in vernacular, usually having been translated from Latin, to allow for the easy understanding of illiterate audiences of the time. The most unique feature of these plays was the way they were staged. All the 47 plays in the York Cycle would have been performed on their own individual, moveable pageant wagons. These wagons would move processionally to each designated stop of the cycle (for example, in front of churches or marketplaces) and the plays would be performed. In short, the play would move toward the audience, unlike many of the stationary fixed-set morality plays of the time. John Wesley Harris, author of Medieval Theatre in Context: An Introduction, introduces the structure of the pageant wagons as something the audience would have to look up to (Harris 1992: 126). The wagons would have two levels, the stage itself and the lower level where the actors would change costumes and store their props. Thus, when parked at street level, the audience would have to look up to these actors who are imparting religious lessons to them, almost as though receiving a divine message from God. Moreover, Harris states that actors would hang cloths around the wagon so that the audience could only view the play from the front, closing off the rest of the world and drawing the audience into the tight space where the play was being acted out. Guilds The York Cycle plays arose as an expensive display of craftsmanship manned by the various guilds in the city. The guilds were enthusiastic about the pageants but over their heads was the threat of a hefty fine if they did not contribute or perform. (Davidson 2011) The pageant wagons were maintained by the city guilds. Each wagon would be given to a guild that best suited the play they were representing and thus they would be able to show off their wares in their plays. For example, according to Harris, the Goldsmiths of the city would be in charge of The Magi to show off their goldsmithing skills. The York Mystery Cycle, despite being part of a religious festival, would also be a showcase of the citys wealth and craftsmanship. The Intent of Medieval Theatre â€Å"Medieval drama took many forms, but the most spectacular of all was the civic religious drama of towns such as Yorkthe whole history of the universe from the creation of Heaven and Earth to Doomsday (was presented).† Greg Walker, Medieval Drama: An Anthology. As the quote subtly suggests, the intent of a medieval play like The Fall of Man was simply to educate the masses about Bibilical lessons. The York plays, unlike most morality plays, were written in vernacular to be accessible to the illiterate general public. The sequencial 48 plays condensed all the lessons in the Bible into short acts that the public could digest quickly and effectively. The lessons were usually the same: do not give into the seven sins. For example, in The Fall of Man, the original sin is portrayed as Adam and Eve betraying Gods word. The story then continues to show how God punishes any man with a sinful nature. The lesson or moral of this story – God will punish a man if he sins  œ is then evidenced in the long sequence of plays, including The Last Supper, enabling the audience to cross-reference and corroborate the divine message amongst 46 other biblical stories. The staging of the play is also crucial to its educational impact on the audience. As aforementioned, the pageant wagon comprises of an elevated platform for the scenes, causing the audience to look upwards, as though in prayer. The biblical messages are then physically delivered to the audience from a higher source, subconsciously creating the illusion that the messages are from God himself. This was another way to ensure the attention of the public so that the message in each play could get across. Epic Theatre Conventions Bertolt Brechts epic theatre estranges the audience from the play on stage. (Brooker 1994: 191) This estrangement works in the audiences favor as it enables them to think to take a step back and think critically about the social, political and economic circumstances of the staged narrative and/or their respective realities. In short, the audience becomes a critical observer. One of the characteristics of epic theatre is the Verfrumdungseffekt or V-effect, a theory that encapsulates Brechts idea of audience estrangement. According to Drama Professor Olga Taxidou, the V-effect can be achieved through different avenues such as theatrically explicit narrators, masks and music. These serve to disengage the audience from the play on stage. This disengagement forces the audience to experience an empathetic distance between the spectator and stage, enabling them to judge the characters objectively. The V-effect draws the critical spectator’s attention to the performance’s explicit theatricality, dropping all pretense of realism and training the spectator to approach the play critically. Epic theatre was traditionally performed indoors with a proscenium stage. This allowed for an element of physical separation between cast and spectators. The V-effect, in my opinion, is most effective within a conventional performance space, such as the proscenium stage in epic theatre productions. This staging allows for the V-effect to defamiliarize the audience from the play at hand, hence creating room for the audience to objectively think and reflect about the issues being raised in the play with reference to their world at large. The Intent of Epic Theatre Epic theatre uses the stage as a place for instruction and education. It has an intellectual base and is concerned with treating social or political issues of the time. Epic plays are designed to shock and inspire thought. The ultimate goal of epic theatre is to make the audience aware of their social surroundings and encourage them to act to change their society. Furthermore, epic theatre employs the V-effect to isolate the audience in order to trigger their critical thinking skills. In the case of The Fall of Man, performed in the epic tradition, the audience is forced to engage critically, examining and questioning the moral of the play. Instead of accepting the biblical tale as an explanation for mans separation from God, the epic audience would instead question the tale. Why was man punished for falling for Satans plan? Why did God not shield man from Satan? How did Satan get into Eden? Where is Eden? These critical questions, though natural for the epic audience, undermines the purpose of the play. The moral of the play is simple: do not question Gods will. Unfortunately, due to the critical nature of the epic audience, Gods will will indeed be questioned. On the other hand, the medieval audiences duty is only to listen and be entertained. Morals are handed to the audience who will then accept them without question. As the purpose of a mystery play is to simply impart religious morals and not to question them, the medieval tradition would be better suited to portray a mystery play. A Comparison of Medieval and Epic Theatre Perhaps the biggest difference between the medieval and epic theaters is the stage itself. Medieval plays like The Fall of Man were set on small pageant wagons that the audience could crowd around. Epic plays were usually set in a theater where there was a clear line of separation between audience and actors. Surprisingly, I feel that the change from medieval to epic stage makes the theatre experience for the reader much more shallow. While the medieval audience, as a collective of individuals, was shown their place in a great religious order, the epic spectator remains isolated and insulated, tangled in an endless array of questions. Although epic theatre audiences are consequently supposed to later start a social change, their actual engagement with the play is still predicated on individual experience. This individuality of the engagement is what makes the experience seem shallow, compared to the enlightening religious experience that medieval theatre provides. Additionally, the move from medieval to epic removes The Fall of Man from the rest of the mystery cycle as the play will be performed in isolation. Hence, the play is de-contextualized, losing its original sense of ritual meaning. Even setting the play within a theatre implies fictionality, which neutralizes its authority as it is no longer being presented as biblical truth, losing the plays original purpose. References Brooker, Peter. Key Words in Brechts Theory and Practice of Theatre. The Cambridge Companion to Brecht. Ed. Peter Thomson and Glendyr Sacks. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994. 185-200. Print. Davidson, Clifford. Introduction. The York Corpus Christi Plays. Ed. Clifford Davidson. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 2011. Web. 3 April 2013. . Gorelik, Mordecai. An Epic theatre Catechism. Brecht Sourcebook. London: Routledge, 2000. 31-36. Print. Harris, John Wesley. Medieval Theatre in Context: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 1992. Print. McCartney, Nicola. Medieval Theatre. Critical Practice: Performance. University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh, 31 January 2013. Lecture Notes. Taxidou, Olga. Brecht and Epic Theatre. Critical Practice: Performance. University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh, 21 March 2013. Lecture Notes.

A Brief History of the Country of Morocco

In the Classical Antiquity era, Morocco experienced waves of invaders included Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, and Byzantines, but with the arrival of Islam, Morocco developed independent states that kept powerful invaders at bay. Berber Dynasties In 702 the Berbers submitted to the armies of Islam and adopted Islam. The first Moroccan states formed during these years, but many were still ruled by outsiders, some of whom were part of the Umayyad Caliphate that controlled most of northern Africa c. 700 CE. In 1056, a Berber empire arose, however, under the Almoravid Dynasty, and for the next five hundred years, Morocco was governed by Berber dynasties:  the Almoravids (from 1056), Almohads (from 1174), Marinid (from 1296), and Wattasid (from 1465). It was during the Almoravid and Almohad dynasties that Morocco controlled much of North Africa, Spain, and Portugal. In 1238, the Almohad lost control of  the Muslim portion of Spain and Portugal, known then as al-Andalus. The Marinid dynasty attempted to regain it but never succeeded. Revival of Moroccan Power In the mid-1500s, a powerful state again arose in Morocco, under the leadership of the Saadi dynasty that had taken over southern Morocco in the early 1500s. The Saadi defeated the Wattasid in 1554 and then succeeded in holding off incursions by both the Portuguese and Ottoman Empires. In 1603 a succession dispute led to a period of unrest that did not end until 1671 with the formation of the Awalite Dynasty, which still governs Morocco to this day. During the unrest, Portugal had again gained a foothold in Morocco but was again thrown out by the new leaders. European Colonization By the mid-1800s, at a time when the influence of the Ottoman Empire was in decline, France and Spain began taking a great interest in Morocco. The Algeciras Conference (1906) that followed the First Moroccan Crisis formalized Frances special interest in the region (opposed by Germany), and the Treaty of Fez (1912) made Morocco a French protectorate. Spain gained authority over Ifni (to the south) and Tà ©touan to the north. In the 1920s the Rif Berbers of Morocco, under the leadership of Muhammad Abd el-Krim, rebelled against French and Spanish authority. The short-lived Rif republic was crushed by a joint French/Spanish task force in 1926. Independence In 1953 France deposed the nationalist leader and sultan Mohammed V ibn Yusuf, but both nationalist and religious groups called for his return.  France capitulated, and Mohammed V returned in 1955. On the second of March in 1956, French Morocco gained independence. Spanish Morocco, except for the two enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, gained independence in April of 1956. Mohammed V was succeeded by his son, Hasan II ibn Mohammed, upon his death in 1961. Morocco became a constitutional monarchy in 1977. When Hassan II died in 1999 he was succeeded by his thirty-five-year-old son, Mohammed VI ibn al-Hassan. Dispute over Western Sahara When Spain withdrew from the Spanish Sahara in 1976, Morocco claimed sovereignty in the north. The Spanish portions to the south, known as Western Sahara, were supposed to become independent, but Morocco occupied the region in the Green March. Initially, Morocco divided the territory with Mauritania, but when Mauritania withdrew in 1979, Morocco claimed the whole. The status of the territory is a deeply contentious issue, with many international bodies like the United Nations recognizing it as a non-self-governing territory called the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Sources Clancy-Smith, Julia Anne, North Africa, Islam, and the Mediterranean world: from the Almoravids to the Algerian War. (2001).MINURSO Background, United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara. (Accessed 18 June 2015).

Learning And Its Implications For Education Essay

Learning is an important process in education and in life in general. One cannot simply grow, adapt, and manage life without learning. However, everyone learns in various different ways. Shuell (2016) states, â€Å"When a particular word is used, people usually assume everyone has a common understanding of what the word means. Unfortunately, such is not always the case. In trying to understand the various theories of learning and their implications for education, it is helpful to realize that the term â€Å"learning† means different things to different people and is used somewhat differently in different theories.† Shuell makes an excellent point, as even though one word can have a universal shared meaning, not everyone may see it the way someone else sees it. According to Wikipedia, learning theories, â€Å"are conceptual frameworks describing how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as w ell as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a worldview, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained.† There are many different versions and theories on learning. Some of the more common learning theories include behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. The first theory is behaviorism. Behaviorism is where individuals believe that learning is conducted by outward change through behavior. According to Nemade (2007) he states, â€Å"To the behaviorist, human behavior has nothing to do withShow MoreRelatedCounselor Educators : Service Learning858 Words   |  4 PagesThis section discusses the implication of the findings from the study for counselor educators incorporating service learning. Counselor educators are called to prepare students with the necessary knowledge and skills to work with diverse clients. 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The purpose of this article critique is to analyze the strengths and weaknessesRead MoreThe Benefits and Challenges of Emerging Technologies in Distance Education641 Words   |  3 PagesI decided to research the benefits and challenges of emerging technologies in distance education for interaction and collaboration. The first report I read was written by Dr. Michael G. Moore, Web 2.0: Does It Really Matter? In this editorial Dr. Moore discusses emerging technologies and how they are â€Å"being adopted voraciously by â€Å"digital natives† who have grown up with the Internet. Moore concludes that â€Å"social networking should make constructivist, collaborative knowledge-making more natural

Nibm Assignments free essay sample

How will you influence people to strive willingly for group objectives in your organization (target based industry)? Apply your interpersonal influence through communication process towards attaining your specialized goals? 2. Human Resources Management The present state of recession in the IT Industry as a Human Resource Manager how are you going to undertake Human Resource Planning at Macro Level to tide over this crisis? 3. Financial Management What will your outlook towards maintenance of liquid assets to ensure that the firm has adequate cash in hand to meet its obligations at all times? Marketing Management If you are working in a super market, what techniques1 tools you will use in data collection. How are you going to analysis the data and make inferences? How will you finally apply your market research to improve sales and win over customers? 5. Organizational Behaviour If you are made the campaign leader for a particular political party. How will you use your leadership skills to motivate your party men to ensure success of the party nominee in the elections? (Focus on the individual, motivate and apply leadership style). We will write a custom essay sample on Nibm Assignments or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Principles of Economics Suppose the price elasticity of demand for text books is two and the price of the text book is increased by 10%. By how much does the quantity demand fall? Inter the result and discuss reasons for the fall in quantity demand? 1. Principles and Practices of Management How will you influence people to strive willingly for group objectives in your organization (target based industry)? Apply your interpersonal influence through communication process towards attaining your specialized goals? 2. Human Resources Management The present state of recession in the IT Industry as a Human Resource Manager how are you going to undertake Human Resource Planning at Macro Level to tide over this crisis? 3. Financial Management What will your outlook towards maintenance of liquid assets to ensure that the firm has adequate cash in hand to meet its obligations at all times? 4. Marketlng Management If you are working in a super market, what techniques1 tools you will use in data collection. How are you going to analysis the data and make inferences? How will you finally apply your market research to improve sales and win over customers? Organizational Behaviour If you are made the campaign leader for a particular political party. How will you use your leadership skills to motivate your party men to ensure success of the party nominee in the elections? (Focus on the individual, motivate and apply leadership style). 6. Principles of Economics Suppose the price elasticity of demand for text books is two and the price of the text book is increased by 10%. By how much does the quantity demand fall? Inter the result and discuss reasons for the fall in quantity demand?

What To Do With AP Essay Samples

What To Do With AP Essay SamplesThere are a lot of essay samples available to help you write your test, but it's important that you understand that there is a lot that goes into writing an essay and a lot more that is easy. When it comes to writing essay tests, the focus should not only be on writing your essay, but on making sure that the content of your essay can stand up to the test. One of the biggest mistakes that students make is not finding out what will be asked of them on the test and then working to make their essays more appropriate for the type of essay that will be asked of them.If you are preparing for your final exams, you should look at a variety of AP test samples so that you can make sure that your essay is as challenging as possible. If you are trying to get a passing grade on your exam, you should try to write something that is as close to perfect as possible. If you do not know what kind of essay is required, it is important that you find a resource that will hel p you understand this.A couple of sample essays that are helpful for students who are taking AP English are 'The American Experience'The American Dream.' Both of these examples show how the topics are similar and different, and it is important that you understand that the writing in both essays is very different from one another. Most of the lessons that are offered by most of the resources that you find online are made to help you understand what is expected of you and how you should write your essay.The examples provided in the online resources can help you understand how difficult it is to write an essay about the history of America. These resources give you the tools that you need to make sure that you have the knowledge that you need to write the best essay that you can. This means that you should also use these resources to help you get a passing grade on your exam.The same thing can be said for writing the AP English exam. There are many resources available to help you improv e the quality of your essay, and many of these resources are offered by students that have done well on the exam before. They want to share what they have learned with you, and they will make sure that you have everything that you need to write the best essay possible.Even if you have not taken the exam before, you can still take advantage of the resources that are available to you. When you are looking for a resource to help you with your test, you should try to find out as much as you can about writing essays, because there are plenty of resources that are available to help you on this subject. There are many resources that are out there that are very useful, and the Internet is a great place to start.The resources that are found online should help you with your exams, but don't just stick with the AP essay samples that are available. You should go through the entire website to make sure that you understand what you are getting into. The better prepared you are to write your exam, the more likely that you will be able to write the best essay possible.When you know what you need to know to make sure that you are prepared for your test, you will make sure that you get the results that you are looking for. When you are preparing for your exam, there are many different types of resources that are available to help you improve your test scores. You should look at the AP essay samples that are available and learn the information that you need to make sure that you are prepared for the test.

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How to Write an Amazing College Application Essay

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